Jump Shot In Handball

Jump Shot In Handball The jump shot is one of the most important elements of handball as in the game, motor behavior are performed in specific conditions with the presence of players of the opposing team and while adhering to the regulations. However which areas can be controlled and are used to make the handball action more efficient? Thus we will look into the jump shot in which handball is analyzed in its different phases to find out its efficiency. The goals of the run, jump, shoot are ball velocity and accuracy. Maximum ball velocity and precision is required to minimize the chance of the opponent or goal keeper intercepting the shot. In team handball, shooting to score goals is one of the most important aspects of the game. In order for a shot to be successful, it must have maximum ball velocity and precision for an element of surprise for the goalkeeper (Wagner Muller, 2008). Wagner, Buchecker, Duvillard, and Mulller (2010) state that 67% of ball velocity at ball release was explained by the summation effects from the velocity of elbow extension and internal rotation of the shoulder. Thus we divide them into Approach, Take-off, Shoot, Land. Logically speaking, the faster the ball is thrown at the goal the goalkeeper will have a lesser time to save the shot. In order for a throw to be successful, the highest velocity at ball release together with aiming accuracy is required therefore during the game, thus the athlete has to keep up with the optimal efficiency of these two factors (Zapartidis, Gouvali, Bayios, Boudolos, 2007). Accuracy is something defined as variable. We didnt want to make it become a close-system where the subject keeps hitting at the same spot. Thus in the analyzing performance stage, we came out with a table to judge the subject throwing effectiveness in performing the skill. Zapartidis, Toganidis, Vareltzis, Christodoulidis, Kororos, and Skoufas (2009) reported that players during the game are notably affected by time as aiming accuracy or ball velocity gradually decrease. In all sports tasks, most coaches apply eight biomechanical principles when analyzing their athletes (Bartlett, 2007). These eight principles can be separated into two broad categories. The 3 basic universal principles; use of the stretch-shortening cycle, minimization of energy used, control degrees of freedom. The other 5 general principles; sequential action of muscles, minimization of inertia, impulse generation, maximizing the acceleration path, stability. These apply to sports tasks which are usually used by speed generation. However not all of the principles can be used to apply in every sport. For example, the stability is a one of the biomechanical principle which is applicable to sumo wrestling. Whereas it is not applicable in the game of handball, as there is a lesser emphasis on having a wide base of support for stability when preparing for a shot (Knudson, 2007). In handball, the biomechanical principles that can be applied are use of the stretch-shortening cycle, minimization of energy used, control degrees of freedom, sequential action of muscles, minimization of inertia, impulse generation and maximizing the acceleration path. The recruitment of each part of the body is important by allowing the development of maximal velocity of these parts. This begins from the proximal parts then to the distal parts of the body. The larger proximal joint starts the action by accelerating, thus a transfer of momentum results in a high velocity to the smaller distal joints. Each segments of the kinetic chain is linked to the stoppage of the proximal part results in the increase of angular velocity (Pori, Bon, Sibila, 2005). When performing the shot, certain physiological characteristics are taken into considerations. Therefore, at least for some muscular groups there should be the shortest possible time between extension and contraction for muscles involved in this phase (Pori et al., 2005). Pori et al. (2005) concluded that better players make use of extensors in the wrist better than worse players. Components of Skill 1. Approach (Run-up) Physique We assume there will be significant differences to the speed of ball release in our goal of skill regarding to body height and body weight between handball players of different performance levels (Hasan, Reilly, Cable, Ramadan, 2007). Are tall athletes better than shorter ones? Thus we have physique. Taller handball players with greater body weight have the ability to achieve a higher ball release speed (Wagner et al., 2010). Maximizing acceleration path is a critical factor Using the work-energy relationship which shows that a moving object is equals to work done. This is important for the handballer maximizing use of the run-up which to apply force (Bartlett, 2007). Using the formula: Velocity/Time Acceleration for an increase in velocity, acceleration also increases. 2. Take-off Contact Maximize force generation is a critical factor This is where the Angle, Speed, Height of Jump comes. Further increase in speed at take-off is required by generating more impulse just at take-off. Using the impulse-momentum relationship where change of momentum, I=Ft, increased in I= increased Force exerted on the ground multiply by increased Time of force. From an increased in F we have F=Mass of the athlete multiply by increasing Acceleration of the athlete. This movement requires being fast and powerful at take-off. 4. Shoot Sequence of trunk joint and muscle group in throw Ball velocity at ball release was explained by the summation effects from order of the proximal parts to the distal parts of the body (Wagner et al., 2010). High release point is a critical factor A high elbow release point needed to generate much velocity. The time of the take-off contact would point to fast and elastic strength of the subject and indirectly affect the height of a throw and ball velocity. 5. Land Contact with the ground is a critical factor Decreased force over a period of time by bending knees when landing to reduce the mean impact force which also can prevent further injury. Deterministic Model Run, Jump, Shoot Figure 1 Important considerations for videotaping the skill The points below have been well thought-out to minimize errors recorded during two-dimensional filming, thus improving the accuracy of all data (Bartlett, 2007). Perspective and parallax errors were paid carefully attention to. 1) Position of camera The camera is mounted on a fixed tripod, on a level ground and aiming at the subject. The camera is positioned as far away from the action in order to reduce perspective error. The field of view (FOV) is adjusted to match with the performance of the subjects which as is recorded. As this take advantage of the performer on the projected image and increases the accuracy of digitizing. Once the FOV is in place and it is kept constant at all time. The camera is placed perpendicular to capture the movement of the subjects, horizontal scale of 7m and vertical reference from the goal post. The set-up is shown below, Figure 2. Figure 2 A line was marked out 7 meters from the goalpost and subject use the take off area as point of jump. The camera was place 10 meters perpendicular to the take off area. 2) Lighting Filming is done outdoors, a location with a dull and non-reflective background was use to allow the athlete and the ball to standout. This will make it easier to assess the movement patterns and biomechanics of the jump shot. In contrast, if the background or backdrop was to be too bright, the athlete would be hard to spot. 3) Background The background is as neat as possible, simple and non-reflective as it provides a good contrast which allows the viewing and estimating of the axes of rotation from the subjects anatomical landmarks. 4) Shutter Speed A shutter speed of 1/2000 was selected as this shutter speed would allow for slow motion playback and ease the motion analysis process. Using a lower shutter speed would cause blurriness when the video is playback, while a higher shutter speed comes with a decrease in image quality, thus making analysis impossible. 5) Subject Preparation The recording of the movement is as unpretentious as possible. The subject is briefed that he is performing in front of a camera in an experimental perspective and had little clothing to minimize errors in locating body landmarks. A verbal consent is obtained from the athlete participating in the analysis. The subject was told to throw the ball as fast as possible into the net for the initial 4 shots. After which, he was given coaching cues to correct his technique and delivery of the skill. Results of the Videotaping Session The male subject is a national basketball player who trains 5 times a week (Height-189 cm; body mass 82kg; age 24 years old). He does not have prior experience to playing handball therefore is a suitable candidate. In order to evaluate the over arm throwing performance, according to the International Handball Federation, (IHF), rules of the game a standard handball was used: (Circumference 58-60cm and Weight 425-475g, IHF Size 3, for Men and Male Youth (over age 16). The subject was told to throw as fast as possible; no coaching cues were given for the first 4 shots. Therefore we came up an evaluation of the quality of the execution skill for the subject in Table 3. Table 3 Mark Run-up Take-Off Shoot Land 3 Optimal speed of stride and synchronized lowering of CG, Execution is smooth, in cadenced Planting of takeoff leg accurately, take-off is vertical, explosiveness The elbow is high and moving along height of the head, correct use of sequential muscle groups into the throw, explosive finishing Land on take-off leg or on both legs simultaneously with knees bend 2 Fairly too short or too long stride, Execution still fluent, in cadenced Placement of takeoff leg rather far from the goal, take-off going a little too forward The elbow still moving low, technique of execution better Average execution, with slight unbalance 1 Lack of speed, hasty lowering of CG, not in cadenced, poor execution, execution is poor Placement of takeoff leg is too far from the goal, take-off oriented too forward, lack of explosiveness Placement of takeoff leg is significantly away from the goal, take-off directed markedly forward Land on non-take- off leg, poor execution Legend: CG centre of gravity; Mark: 1 Poor, 2 Average, 3 Good As for the first 4 jumps shots, the subject attainted 10.6  ± 0.2 m/sec for the ball velocity at release. The following are the results of the first 4 jump shots, Table 4. Table 4 Attempt Run-up Take-Off Shoot Land Total Score 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 1 2 6 3 2 1 2 1 6 4 2 1 3 1 7 Attempts to give too many cues to the subject will paralyze the subject. After letting him explore the jump shot on the initial 4 shots, this time the subject was then told to aim for the top right hand corner of the goalpost, using the jump shot technique. We gave him coaching cues to correct his technique starting from the run-up phrase, take-off, shoot and then leading to landing phrase, Table 5. Table 5 Critical Features Coaching Cues Run-up Take a long third step Take-off Explosiveness-gain vertical height Optimize height of release Release at the top Angle of release Draw a semi circle Summation of forces Smooth-jump and shoot Rotation of ball Flip wrist Land Bend knees The following are the results of the jump shots with coaching cues given to him in Table 6. The subject attainted an improved 12.6  ± 0.4 m/sec for the ball velocity at release. Table 6 Attempt Run-up Take-Off Shoot Land Total Score 5 2 2 3 1 8 6 3 3 2 2 10 7 2 3 2 2 9 8 3 3 3 3 12 Qualitatively analysis Evaluation of performance After taking the video for the running jump shot, we compare it to a elite athlete jump shot. There are a few features which are important in the sequence, the run up (3 steps), the jump and the throw. The run up The 3 steps run up will provide the athlete impulse for the jump shot. As impulse = change in momentum (Blazevich, 2007). F.t = m.v m.u Momentum is the quantity of motion possessed by the body. Therefore a run up is important in this aspect. After assessment, we found out that the subject did a 1 step run up which did not create enough impulse. Therefore the rating is poor -good for the run up Critical Features Rating The run up Poor 1 step run up The jump The height of the jump is determined by a few factors, the weight of the athlete and the acceleration. F = ma The reason for the bending of the knees for a higher jump is that the time it takes for the athletes to leave the floor (Muller, 2009). v = u + at Vavg = s/t Presume the jump height is the same, the less time, he takes to jump the same distance, the more velocity the person create, the higher the person will go. By contracting the quadriceps, will stretch the tendon, by doing this, it is possible to jump higher. The assessment for the subject is poor-good as he did not bend his knee, and straighten his leg after that. Critical Feature Rating Bend Knees Poor-Good Straighten leg Poor Bend Knee? Straighten leg? The throw The speed of the throw is determined by the speed difference and the time it take for the ball to leave the hand. It is similar to the theory of the jump, where the more distance and less time you take the faster the ball will travel. The difference is that there is a twist to the body; therefore there is an angular motion to it. ÃŽÂ ±= (à Ã¢â‚¬ °f à Ã¢â‚¬ °f)/t à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = Ó ¨/t Since the mass of the ball is the constant. The only factor that can influence the amount of force being exacted on it is acceleration. T = I ÃŽÂ ± (angular) Critical Features Rating The pull back Poor Good The follow through Poor Good Pull back? Follow through Correcting the performance The whole sequence of the running throw will be broken to parts to teach the subject. Critical Features Rating Picture Remarks / Strategies Coaching Cues The run up Poor The run up will be done in 3 steps, the subject will attempt to take 3 wide steps to gain speed. Wide Step; More Force Bend Knees Poor Good The subject will jump on the spot, with the knees bend before the jump. Squat more Straighten leg Poor The subject will jump and straighten the leg to gain more height. Explode; Stretch The pull back Poor Good The subject will try to shoot with the jump. By pulling the arm further back. Arc back; Roll Shoulder The follow through Poor Good With the pull back, the subject will attempt the follow through with the same action. Follow through; Swing arm Discussion There are mainly two factors in shooting technique of handball, the first is speed ball velocity of shoot, and the second factor is that no clear prediction of direction to shoot for goal keeper. This approach gives a good evaluation on the kinematic structure in analyzing handball. Thus, this model can be used in detecting the efficiency of the jump shot. An examination of individuals information and its comparison with the model allow us to identify weakness in the execution of jump shot. The use of biomechanical analysis maybe helpful in correcting or perfecting techniques, however the efficiency of the player in a game does not depend solely on performing a perfect kinematics structure during an isolated testing environment.

Rene Descartes and a discription Essay

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was not only a philosopher but also a mathematician and scientist. As a philosopher, he used skepticism as a means of finding the truth of all. His idea was to doubt everything, and in doubting everything, anything that couldn’t be doubted was definite. â€Å"I will doubt everything that can possibly be doubted, he reasons, and if anything is left, then it will be absolutely certain. † (Moore/Bruder 93) This, Descartes felt was the only way to obtain truth and knowledge. This method was to take away all the confidence in everything that was taught to us, what we sense and believe, and the things we take as being obvious. To truly determine if we know anything is for certain we must doubt it all disregarding all we knew about it before. So everything we currently believe is open to discussion and can be questioned. Descartes’ ‘Method of Doubt’ incorporated two well-known conjectures, a dream conjecture and the evil demon conjecture. What the dream conjecture is, is the notion that everything that is reality might just be a dream. Adding to the dream conjecture, is the evil demon conjecture. This evil demon conjecture, in essence, is the concept that if this all [reality], is just a dream, then perhaps there is an evil demon that is deceiving our minds with these false images of reality. So, we can’t assume that our bodies or that anything of our experience exists and can be trusted to be true. For everything we know could be just a dream and not real at all and controlled by a deceiver. No, Descartes was not out of his mind. He was aware that these two conjecture he composed sounded far-fetched. However, that was the whole point. Descartes was on a quest to find certainty in an any-case-possibility. What Descartes came up with after going through and doubting everything was the cogito, ergo sum or â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † What this meant was if you are thinking, you are existing. â€Å"The self that doubts its own existence must surely exist to be able to doubt in the first place. † (Moore/Bruder 93) Subsequently, this was the only true thing we can know to be real. We know that we exist at least in a form of a mind. So we can doubt our physical existence but not our mental existence because you can think. To take this a step further he developed the clear and distinct test. The clear and distinct test was a test to find out what was true with â€Å"clarity and distinctness. † Meaning, anything that is clear and distinct is true. Using this clear and distinct test, Descartes came to the conclusion that God, in fact, exists. Descartes believed he viewed God clearly and distinctively, and further, God would not let an evil demon toy with his mind, if such a thing did exist. Descartes also thought that there were two distinct substances beyond God, and these two substances were material substance and mind substance. The material substance was all that exists and occupies space and the mind substance is that of thought. â€Å"Because a substance, according to Descartes, â€Å"requires nothing other than itself to exist,† it follows that mind and matter are totally independent of each other. † (Moore/Bruder 95) The result to these two substances being independent of each other is called parallelism. â€Å"The mind, they argued, does not really cause the body to move. When I will that my hand should move, my act of willing only appears to cause my hand to move. † (Moore/Bruder 97)Descartes felt that God was the one who was involved in the mental things that happened and the sequence of material actions. He believed God was the reason those two things happened to happen together. This idea was called occasionalism. Descartes was first to make this systematic account of the mind and body relationship, and also the soul’s contact with the body. (Rorty). Descartes essentially through everything, approached all metaphysical issues by going back and trying to pick apart everything about the basic things. â€Å"Descartes tried to discover metaphysical truth about what is through epistemological inquiry about what can be know. † (Moore/Bruder 97) The profit of Descartes’ ideas is that in the dismissal of everything makes you question and look at elements that may be overlooked because it is human to draw on experience. So, to clear oneself of all former beliefs leaves everything wide open for exploration and opens up a wider scope. The problem I find in his distinct and clear theory is Descartes proof of God’s existence. In â€Å"proving† the existence of God he uses circular reasoning. This circular reasoning is called the Cartesian Circle. The Cartesian Circle is the circular reasoning that, on one hand, we can only know that God exists because we clearly and distinctively perceive it, and on the other hand, we can only know that our clear and distinct perceptions are true because God exits. (Loeb 200-235) This type of reasoning doesn’t make any concrete conclusions on the existence of God. It just keeps going around in a circle, one right after the other. Descartes believe that only his perceptions could be deceived not his mind. So since God was good and perfect, he wouldn’t allow him to be deceived, therefore God exists. To explain his ideas on the existence of God, Descartes states that if one can have an idea of a perfect being, which is God, then a perfect being must exist if we can think it in our minds. All of this to me, doesn’t show any solid proof. Even though you can think something in your mind, doesn’t mean it must exits. I can think lots of things in my mind personally, that doesn’t necessary mean that somewhere, maybe not in the physical world I experience, truly exists. Also, if God did exists, and if God is perfect, as Descartes claims, then why does Atheism and such religious beliefs exist? Wouldn’t perfection be if God could exist and not be questionable? Because what Descartes believes is all that we can perceive clearly and distinctively exists, and he had not given any way that explains how you can perceive God clearly and distinctively, other than stating he can perceive in his mind. Also, another thing that is a problem in Descartes’ method is his goal of proving the existence of the outside world was not valid by any substantial means. There is no proof that any physical object exists aside from a near universal belief that the external world exists. What Descartes says, is that since God makes us believe that there is an external world, then there must be one. However, there are lots of mistakes in his proof of God and it isn’t truly valid. So, therefore we cannot say anything in this external world does exist or either God, based on the knowledge I have obtained on the subject matter on Descartes. From what I have read on Descartes and his philosophical ideas, there are many holes and things to argued; as I’m sure is in most theories. Nonetheless, even though his ideas aren’t entirely credible to myself, I feel that his contributions to the field of philosophy are eminent. Descartes had brought lots of old questions of past philosophers and tried to rationalize them, he failed in my opinion to come up with any competent answers for what he was trying to prove. However, he did prompt other philosophers in his progression to come up later with some better answers to some of these ideas.

The Definitive Solution for Personal Statement

The Definitive Solution for Personal Statement You have to ensure that your private statement conforms to all the norms of excellent writing. Be aware that the adjectives you use needs to be related to your job and truthful. In both instances, you're restricted to only words. It's possible to clip out words rather than writing in complete sentences. New Ideas Into Personal Statement Never Before Revealed Employers can't assume things for your benefit therefore, make certain you are specific when stating your strong points. Remember the reason they ask for personal statements is because they want to know more about you. It might be rather problematic for the academic officers to select you if your private statement isn't up to scratch, particularly whenever there are hundreds and hundreds of other candidates to select from. 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American Culture And Morals Of Its Citizens Essay - 785 Words

Whether it is through a different career, political viewpoints, or even cultural differences, America gives citizens the right to â€Å"make their own name for themselves.† America was once built on individualists, but as a society today this nation is conformists. Everyone follows trends with songs, dances, appearance, clothes, make-up, and etc. People feel the need to fit in as a society as appose to being an individualist. They don’t stand out because they don’t want people bullying then nor making fun of them. People today do not like to be looked at nor treated as individualists they want to be hip and cool and fit in with everyone else around them. People don’t have a mind of their own, they want to be like everyone else and not be an outlier. America is so much in the pursuit of short-term happiness and gratification, that this society is willing endure corruption and degradation, which decides the culture and morals of its citizens. America is one of the most mind-controlled countries on the planet. Americans talk about with religious dedication about how they have freedom and democracy. In America, truth is not the highest ideal or passion. Neither is freedom or democracy. The country is governed by a sense of moral authoritarianism†. It s all about conformity and obedience to authority and the manufactured consensus. Basically, you are taught to believe whatever you are told by authority, the media, and the consensus, even if it doesn t make sense and even if thoseShow MoreRelatedThe Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas1086 Words   |  5 PagesFiction Contemporary American culture is represented in â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† by Ursula K. Le Guin. Omelas is a Utopian city which inhabits citizens who are pleased and content with their lives. It is described as happy, full of freedom and joy. However, this privilege of life comes at a price. 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