Biological Processes Through Light Regulation Essay

Photolabile nucleobase protection has been used to achieve exquisite control over biological processes through light regulation, also referred as photocaging. The concept was introduced by Engels (Engels and Schlaeger, 1977; Engels and Reidys, 1978) and independently by Hofmann (Kaplan et al., 1978). Watson–Crick base pairing is blocked by caging groups, completely preventing oligonucleotide duplex formation. Duplex formation is restored when irradiated by light at a specfic wavelength. Photolabile groups when introduced at specific locations render the molecule inactive; however, upon irradiation with light at a particular wavelength, the molecules can be activated (See detailed review by Shao and Xing, 2010; Tang et al. 2013; Liu and Deiters, 2014). Caging groups can also be introduced at phosphate, 2†²-OH, and nucleobases (Tang et al., 2013); however, nucleobase caging has been of particular interest. Oligonucleotides containing NVOC protecting groups were used as the photocleavable protecting group at the N3 position of thymidine, and duplex formation was achieved by photoradiation at 365 nm for 5 h (Iwase et al., 2003). NPOM-caged dT (X) introduced by the Deiters group is of particular interest. Figure 2.1.39 shows the synthesis of NPOM-caged thymidine phsophoramidite S.62 (Lusic et al. 2007) from nucleoside S.63 using reagent S.64, and DNA incorporating NPOM-caged thymdine was prepared by standard phosphoramidite chemistry and irradiated at 365 nm to afford activeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Understanding Consciousness1728 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to understanding awareness. As the endocrine system regulates hormones in the body, chemical fluctuations play a major role in the physiological regulation of human behavior. Therefore, there is the physical consciousness and the psychological consciousness. 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